旋翼式火星无人机技术发展综述

火星表面稀薄的大气环境为旋翼式无人机在火星低空飞行提供了必要的条件。概述了火星无人机的研究背景、飞行环境与研制难点；整理了世界范围内各研究机构研制的旋翼式火星无人机的技术特点；梳理旋翼式火星无人机研究在气动特性理论、低气压飞行控制、系统集成等方面的关键技术；总结旋翼式火星无人机的仿真研究与实验研究成果；对火星无人机未来的发展趋势进行展望。     

鸭式旋翼/机翼飞机悬停状态飞行动力学特性

针对鸭式旋翼/机翼(Canard Rotor/Wing,CRW)飞机独特的气动布局,常规的分析方法及经验公式很难准确地对CRW飞机进行飞行动力学研究,通过飞行辨识对CRW飞机悬停状态特性进行了研究。首先,设计了飞行试验并获得了高质量的飞行数据,基于频率响应对CRW飞机的状态空间模型进行了简化。然后,在频域内对飞机的动力学参数进行了拟合优化,获得了CRW飞机悬停状态的动力学模型,并用飞行数据对所建模型进行了验证。最后,用辨识所得参数与常规直升机悬停状态时的参数进行了对比。结果显示悬停时CRW飞机的操纵导数和阻尼导数均比常规直升机小,经分析,操纵导数的减小主要是CRW飞机独特的旋翼设计所致,阻尼导数减小的原因主要是旋翼气动影响以及鸭翼、平尾、垂尾的结构影响。动力学特性分析结果为CRW飞机旋翼模式总体设计的进一步优化提供了指引和参考,所建立的模型可用于控制系统设计。     

冲击式凹槽叶尖流动换热特性

针对冲击式凹槽叶尖的流动换热特性，采用数值模拟方法，详细分析了三种冲击式凹槽结构和三种凹槽助肋结构的间隙泄漏流场、叶尖二次流损失、叶尖总压损失系数和叶尖表面传热系数，同时考虑了助肋位置、数量和凹槽深度的影响。结果表明:叶尖凹槽前缘助肋抑制了间隙泄漏涡吸力侧分支，增强了泄漏流在凹槽内的分离流动。同一凹槽深度，双助肋凹槽叶尖的相对总压损失最小，研究范围内减小约13%。冲击式凹槽叶尖增强了泄漏流在凹槽内的掺混流动，减小了泄漏流的动能。同一凹槽深度，冲击式双助肋凹槽叶尖的相对总压损失最小，研究范围内减小约18%。冲击式凹槽叶尖减小了泄漏流在凹槽底面的再附，增大了泄漏流在叶尖突肩壁面的再附，突肩壁面出现高传热系数区域。      

固定翼飞机空中受油方式研究

对固定翼飞机空中受油方式进行了全面的分类与总结,介绍了不同受油方式的基本原理,并进行了深入分析与比较.最后针对国内固定翼飞机的发展趋势,对其空中受油方式的发展方向给出了建议.     

空客A320系列飞机襟/缝翼翼尖刹车监控信息的分析

空客A320系列飞机的襟/缝翼控制计算机对翼尖刹车线圈提供了相应的监控功能（包括开路和短路）。但是，不完善的监控逻辑可能导致一些奇怪的故障现象，影响维护人员对故障的判断，本文对其监控内涵进行深入分析。     

基于非结构平台的DLR－F6标模阻力预测

采用自研的非结构网格解算器UNSMB进行了AIAA第三届阻力会议提供的DLR－F6翼身组合体的阻力计算验证。重点分析了模型的网格收敛特性、升阻力曲线以及压力分布等，并把计算结果与阻力预测会议上各个软件的计算结果以及试验数据进行比较，在此基础上分析计算结果。分析结果显示，非结构混合网格解算器的计算结果与各个软件的计算结果以及风洞试验数据吻合度较好，一定程度上验证与确认了解算器的阻力预测精度。     

翼身融合布局大型客机的重心分析

在翼身融合布局飞机的总体设计阶段,为评估飞机总体方案的重心范围,建立了重心分析模型.分析模型以翼身融合布局飞机的几何参数为基础,应用参数化方法快速完成客舱布置,以工程估算和代理模型两种方法完成飞机的重量估算并计算重心前后限,绘制重心云图.基于重心分析模型,在Matlab平台开发了重心分析程序.以555座级翼身融合布局飞机的总体方案为例子来验证本文开发的程序.结果表明本程序可快速实现BWB飞机的客舱布置和重心云图绘制,分析结果可为飞机的稳定性和操纵性评估提供重心数据.     

耦合多螺旋桨滑流影响的低雷诺数机翼设计

以某型手抛式太阳能无人机(UAV)模型为对象进行考虑多螺旋桨滑流影响的低雷诺数机翼平面形状设计研究。首先,基于升力面理论发展了准定常求解多螺旋桨/机翼相互气动干扰问题的涡格法(VLM)程序,并采用建立参考翼型气动特性数据库的形式发展了相关低雷诺数修正(LRC)方法;然后,通过对翼型、低雷诺数机翼及单螺旋桨/机翼算例的数值模拟及与相关实验结果的对比,验证了本文数值方法具备模拟低雷诺数复杂流动问题的可靠性及准确性;最后,对某型手抛式太阳能无人机简化拉力多螺旋桨/机翼模型进行了直接优化设计及反设计,并通过具有较高精度的CFD准定常求解技术对优化结果进行了验证。结果表明:以CFD方法计算结果为参考,本文涡格法程序及低雷诺数修正方法能够准确高效地计算相关低雷诺数复杂流动问题;传统未考虑多螺旋桨滑流影响的设计机翼在实际螺旋桨工作状态下将偏离设计点,机翼气动特性得不到提高;考虑螺旋桨滑流影响的优化设计方法能够有效改善机翼阻力特性,相对应地,在设计状态下优化机翼总阻力能够降低19.52counts。     

Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing

In aircraft wing design, engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Conventional control sur-faces such as flaps, ailerons, variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions. The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft's wings. This paper describes the development and appli-cation of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure. The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators dis-posed in two parallel actuation lines. The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing, which is equipped with an aileron. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one, being closed to the wing tip; the flexible skin is made of light composite materials. The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime. The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces. Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flex-ible skin with screws. The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved. The four vertical displacements of the actuators, correlated with the new shape of the wing, are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions. The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demon-strated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.     

Optimization and design of an aircraft's morphing wing-tip demonstrator for drag reduction at low speed,Part Ⅰ–Aerodynamic optimization using genetic,bee colony and gradient descent algorithms

In this paper, an ‘in-house' genetic algorithm is described and applied to an optimization problem for improving the aerodynamic performances of an aircraft wing tip through upper surface morphing. The algorithm's performances were studied from the convergence point of view, in accordance with design conditions. The algorithm was compared to two other optimization methods,namely the artificial bee colony and a gradient method, for two optimization objectives, and the results of the optimizations with each of the three methods were plotted on response surfaces obtained with the Monte Carlo method, to show that they were situated in the global optimum region. The optimization results for 16 wind tunnel test cases and 2 objective functions were presented. The 16 cases used for the optimizations were included in the experimental test plan for the morphing wing-tip demonstrator, and the results obtained using the displacements given by the optimizations were evaluated.